January
The Red partisans launch large-scale battles against White troops in Western Siberia (primarily in the Kansk and Achinsk districts of the Yenisei governorate under the leadership of Aleksander Kravchenko and Pyotr Shchetinkin).
January
6
The 6th Congress of Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party (USDLP). The Party is split into two factions: USDLP and USDLP (independent).
The North Caucasian Soviet Republic (after the capture of a significant part of its territory by the Whites) is abolished by the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) of the Russian SFSR.
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia Anton Denikin recognizes the supreme power of the Supreme Ruler of Russia Aleksander Kolchak.
The 1st Congress of Soviets of Workers, Landless farmers, and Riflers’ Deputies (Riga, January 13–15) proclaims the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic. Congress also adopted the constitution of the republic and approved the government headed by Pyotr Stuchka.
The Transcaspian Provisional Government headed by the Socialist Revolutionary (SR) Fyodor Funtikov is dismissed and partially arrested by the British military, who replace it with the Committee for Public Safety (after the British troops left the Transcaspian region in April–July 1919, the leadership of the anti-Bolshevik forces passed to the representatives of Anton Denikin).
The Ukrainian People’s Republic Directorate and the West Ukrainian People’s Republic government sign the Act on the unification “into a united sovereign people’s republic” (Fastov agreement). The document was declarative. Unification never took place, cooperation was mainly confined to the military sphere.
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus withdraws from the Russian SFSR and is renamed into the Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic.
Pyotr Krasnov resigns from the post of ataman of the Great Don Host pressed by Anton Denikin. His post is taken over by Afrikan Bogaewsky.
The army and the government of Bashkurdistan (Bashkir republic) switch to the side of the Russian SFSR.
The Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic and the Lithuanian Soviet Republic unite into the Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR LiB, Litbel).
The beginning of “Chapan War” [stems from the word “chapan”, long-grade peasant clothing], an anti-Bolshevik peasant uprising involving the territories of the Samara and Simbirsk governorates. The peasants resisted Prodrazvyorstka [Food requisition] and horse conscription, political and food dictatorship of the Bolsheviks. The protests were suppressed in early April.
In Kharkov, the 3rd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets proclaims the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic.
Vyoshensky (Verkhnedonsk) uprising of the Don Cossacks against the Soviet regime.
The uprising of conscripts drafted to the White troops in Tyumen. By order of the commander of the Siberian Army, Lieutenant General Radola Gajda, the uprising was suppressed, up to 400 people were shot.
The 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), RCP(b). The congress adopted a new Party program. On the military issue, the congress resolved to put an end to volunteerism and guerilla methods while building the Red Army. At the same time, the need to use old military specialists (as opposed to "military opposition") was recognized, the strict control of the party was to be provided through a system of military commissars.
The Bashkir government and the Russian SFSR sign an agreement on the establishment of the Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria, the first autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR and the only one formed on a contractual basis. The date of its publication (March 23) became the official date of establishment of the Bashkir ASSR.
Aleksander Kolchak issues an order to suppress the Yenisei uprising, specifying general principles of the punitive policy of the Whites in relation to the rebels and the population supporting them. These principles formed the basis for the Whites’ repressive practice in Siberia. For instance, according to the order by General Sergey Rozanov, the Governor-General of the Yenisei governorate, dated March 27, the chiefs of detachments operating in the area of the uprising, were to execute every tenth resident in the settlements where the rebel leaders were hiding, to burn the villages, where "the population would use armed resistance to government troops", to execute hostages in the event of anti-government actions by their fellow villagers. The order was canceled on June 24, 1919, after the massacre of the guerilla villages of Stepnoy Badzhei and Taseevo. In the Yenisei governorate, by the end of June, about 10 thousand people had been shot, 14 thousand flogged, 12 thousand peasant farms burned and plundered.
The anti-Whites uprising in the village of Mariinskoe (Marinovka) of the Atbasar district in the Akmola governorate. During the suppression of the uprising in May 1919, about 3 thousand people were killed by General Vyacheslav Volkov’s punitive detachment.
The Kustanay anti-Whites uprising (the death toll amounted to 3 thousand).
In Liepāja, the government of the Republic of Latvia led by Kārlis Ulmanis is overthrown by a detachment of Baltic Germans and replaced by the pro-German government headed first by Oscars Borkovsky, then – by Andrievs Niedra. Ulmanis’ government was evacuated to the steamer “Saratov”, which stood in the roadstead under the protection of the British navy.
January
8
January 10–12
January
11
January
11
January
11
January
13
January
15
January
16
January
19-25
January
19-28
January
22
January
31
January
–
beginning of February
Kiev is captured by the Red troops under the general command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko.
Mid
-
February
February
27
March
2–6
March
3
March
4
March
10
March 11
–
June 8
March
13
March
16
March
18-23
March
20
March
23
April
April
5-13
February
5
February 11
April
21
In retaliation for an armed attack by partisans, in which 80 Japanese soldiers died, a Japanese punitive detachment destroyed the village of Sokhatino in the Amur governorate with artillery fire. About 300 people were shot.
The Shenkursk operation is carried out by Red Army Northern Front 6th Army and the Red partisans against the American and Canadian troops and Whites. January 25, Shenkursk is captured. The planned connection of the troops of the Northern region and Aleksander Kolchak’s Russian Army fails.
The Olonets Volunteer Army launches an offensive in Eastern Karelia from the territory of Finland. Volunteers occupied Vidlitsa (April 21), Olonets (April 24), and reached Petrozavodsk by the end of the month.
February 15
February 16-18
April
6
April
16
January
–
February
According to an agreement concluded by General Anton Denikin and the Don Ataman Pyotr Krasnov, the Volunteer Army and the Don Army of Great Don Host are unified under the command of Anton Denikin. The Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSR) are established.
Crimea is occupied by Red troops under the command of Pavel Dybenko. French and Greek troops were evacuated from the peninsula.
The Soviet Latvia's Army (operational and tactical formation in the Red Army) occupies almost the entire Latvia as a result of battles against the Kārlis Ulmanis’ government forces.
The troops of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia and 7th Army of the Red Army are ousted from Estonia by the forces of the Republic of Estonia, with the active help of the Entente.
Vladikavkaz is captured by White troops of Ataman Andrey Shkuro.
The military agreement is concluded by the troops of Nestor Makhno and the command of the Red Army. From February 21, 1919, threatened by Denikin’s offensive the 50 thousand strong insurgent army maintaining internal autonomy, became part of the 1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet division of the Ukrainian Front, as its 3rd Zadneprovskaya brigade.
April
30
The Provisional Government of the Northern Region recognized the power of the Supreme Ruler, Admiral Aleksander Kolchak.
The uprising against Soviet power led by Nikifor Grigoriev. The uprising influenced the collapse of the Soviet rear, facilitated the success of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, disrupted Russian SFSR’s plans to intervene in the events in Romania and Hungary. Grigoriev’s insurgents organized a pogrom in Elizavetgrad, in which more than 1.5 thousand people were killed.
After a series of military failures and Nikifor Grigoriev’s uprising, the Ukrainian SSR government concluded an agreement with the Russian SFSR on the establishment of a military and economic union. According to it, the Ukrainian Soviet Army was liquidated in the summer of 1919.
The Council of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia, which fled to the Russian SFSR, announces self-dissolution and liquidation of the Commune.
Against the backdrop of the Armed Forces of the South Russia offensive, the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, Leon Trotsky, accuses Nestor Makhno of the collapse of the front. Red Army's Ukrainian front was disbanded, and Makhno was outlawed by the Bolsheviks. On June 9, Makhno announced the break of the agreement with the Bolsheviks. Soon he made an alliance with Nikifor Grigoriev against both Whites and Reds.
The Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel) virtually ceases to exist, as its territory has been occupied by Polish troops.
May
7-31
May 13
–
August 26
May
19
May
22
End of May
–
June
May 25
–
June 20
June
June
5
June
6
June
12-18
19-23
июня
June 24
–
July 13
June 27
–
July 8
Anton Denikin’s Armed Forces of the South of Russia begin the June offensive in the directions to Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, the north of the Great Don Host, Kharkov, Crimea.
During the June offensive, the Armed Forces of the South of Russia troops captured Belgorod (June 23), Kharkov (June 25), Tsaritsyn (June 30), and occupied the Crimean Peninsula.
The Vidlitsa operation of the Red Army’s 7th Army and Red Fleet against the Karelian-Finnish Olonets Volunteer Army. In the battles near the village of Vidlitsa and on Lake Ladoga, the Reds defeated the enemy. The volunteers were entirely ousted from Karelia to Finland in October 1919.
The North-Western Army is formed based on the Separate Corps of the Northern Army and other White armed formations of the North-West of Russia.
July
1
Riga is captured by the Baltische Landeswehr volunteers, the German Iron Division, and the Russian volunteers of Prince Anatoly Lieven. The forces of the Latvian SSR retreat.
The Whites anti-partisan march towards Taseevo, Kansk district, Yenisei governorate, under the command of General Sergey Rozanov.
Tsaritsyn is captured by the troops of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia’s Caucasian Army under the command of Pyotr Wrangel.
June
30
July
The Battle of Cēsis between the Estonian armed forces, which comprised the Latvian regiments (the so-called North Latvian brigade), and the troops of the Republic of Latvia of the pro-German government of Andrievs Niedra as part of the Iron Division and the “Baltische Landeswehr” volunteers (of Baltic Germans). The victory of Estonia led to the Kārlis Ulmanis’s government return to Riga and enabled Latvia to strengthen itself as a nation-state.
June
19-23
July
3
July 17
–
August 4
July
27
Ataman Nikifor Grigoriev is killed by the Makhnovists due to his connections with Anton Denikin and organization of pogroms.
The troops of the Krasnoyarsk garrison stage an Anti-Kolchak uprising (the Whites lost 18 officers and 25 soldiers, the rebels lost 34 people). After the suppression, more than 600 people were shot.
Anton Denikin signs a decree of a Special Council under the Armed Forces of the South of Russia Commander-in-Chief on the activities of judicial investigative commissions. According to it, Soviet officials were to be sentenced to confiscation of property and the death penalty.
The Jewish Communist Party Poale Zion is formed as a result of the split of the Poale Zionists at a conference in Gomel.
Unification of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (Communists-Borotbists) and the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party (Independent) into the Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists).
The White Northwest government is formed in Reval (Tallinn).
July
29
July
30
August
August
6
August 10
–
September 19
August
11
August 14
–
September 12
August
14
August
19
August
20
August
23
Equestrian raid of the 4th Don Corps of the Don Army across the rear of the Red Army during the Armed Forces of the South of Russia Advance on Moscow (“Mamantov’s equestrian raid”).
The Southern Front of the Red Army launches a counter-offensive against the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. The red troops did not reach the goal, but slowed down Denikin’s offensive.
August
30
Kiev is captured by the Ukrainian People’ Republic units.
The Armed Forces of the South of Russia troops drive the Ukrainian People’ Republic troops from Kiev (by October the forces of Symon Petliura had been defeated).
A sudden raid of the Ural Cossacks on Lbischensk, during which the headquarters of the Red Army 25th rifle division is destroyed. The division commander Vasily Chapaev was killed in the battle.
September
5
August
31
September
5
September
13
The West Volunteer Army under the command of Pavel Bermondt-Avalov is established. It was a pro-German military formation that consisted of Russian and German volunteers, which was to fight the Bolsheviks and the Republic of Latvia.
Minusinsk is captured by Red partisans led by Aleksander Kravchenko and Pyotr Shchetinkin.
An anti-Whites peasant uprising against Anton Denikin’s troops begins in the village of Bashtanka (Poltavka), Nikolaevsky district, Kherson governorate (Bashtan republic). It was suppressed at the end of 1919, more than 800 people were shot.
The meeting of representatives of the Chechen and Dagestan clergy in Vedeno proclaims the North Caucasian Emirate headed by Sheikh Uzun Khair Haji Khan.
Pavel Bermondt-Avalov declared taking all the power in the Baltics.
The explosion in Leontievsky lane, a terrorist act committed by anarchists in the premises of the Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party (12 people killed, 55 injured).
September
13
September
15
September
25
September
19
September
20
September
28
October
1
October
7
The Provisional Visunsk People’s Republic is proclaimed in the Visunsk settlement of Nikolaevsky district in Kherson governorate. The rebels kept in touch with the neighboring Bashtan Republic. The movement was suppressed by the Whites on November 21, 1919.
The Provisional Government of the Northern Region is abolished by the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Aleksander Kolchak. General Yevgeny Miller was appointed as the head of the region with dictatorial powers.
The Provisional Fergana Government headed by Kurbashi (commander of the Basmachi detachment) Madaminbek (Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief) and Konstantin Monstrov (deputy head of government) is established. In fact, the government did not function, as the forces of Madaminbek and Monstrov were soon defeated by the Reds.
The All-Siberian meeting of Zemstvo assemblies and city dumas (councils) in Irkutsk elects the Political Center with the predominance of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs). The SR Florian Fedorovich took the post of the Chairman of the Center, the deputies of the Chairman were the Menshevik Ivan Akhmatov and the SR Boris Kosminsky.
October
7-16
October
11
October
14
October
19
October
22
October
25
November 2
November
3-4
November
12
November
14
November
14
The village of Cherkasskoye, the center of peasant resistance to the Whites (“Cherkasskaya Defense”), is captured by the Cossacks led by the Semirechye ataman Boris Annenkov. In Cherkassk and nearby settlements, about 3 thousand people were killed by the Annenkovites.
November
17
A failed attempt at an anti-Kolchak coup (“putsch”) in Vladivostok led by Radola Gajda.
November
19
November
20
–
December
16
The Declaration of the delegate Congress of peasants of the Chernomorskaya [Black Sea] governorate on the establishment of the Committee for the Liberation of the Black Sea Region. At the beginning of 1920, the Zelyonaya [Green] Army under the Committee fought against the Whites in the area of Tuapse and Sochi.
The Northwest government eliminated itself after the final defeat of the Whites’ Northwest Army.
The temporary eastern border of Poland along the Curzon Line is set up by the Allied Supreme Council.
November
24
–
December
12
December 5
Kiev is captured by the Reds.
December 8
December
16
December
1
