Evgeni Gegechkori was born in Kutaisi governorate into a noble family. He graduated from the Law Faculty of Moscow University (1907). Since 1903, he was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Menshevik. In 1905, he took part in revolutionary events in Western Georgia. In 1907–1912, Gegechkori was an MP of the State Duma representing Kutaisi governorate, a leader of the Social Democratic faction.

After the revolution of 1917, he became a leader of the Georgian Social Democratic Party. A member of the Presidium of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, a delegate to the 1st All-Russian Congress of Soviets, a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. The Commissar of the Provisional Government in the Kutaisi governorate. Gegechkori was elected to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly.

During the period from November 28, 1917, to April 22, 1918, he held the post of Chairman of the Transcaucasian Commissariat, Commissar for the Ministry of Labour and Foreign Affairs.

On February 10, 1918, on the day of the convocation of the Transcaucasian Seim (the date was chosen to emphasize the separation of Transcaucasia from Russia), by order of the Georgian Social Democrats Noe Zhordania, Noe Ramishvili, and Evgeni Gegechkori, the many-thousand protest rally was shot in Tiflis. In the spring of 1918, he was the member of the Transcaucasian Seim. After the establishment of the Georgian Democratic Republic, he became a member of its National Council (1918), a deputy of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia (1919–1920). In November 1918 – March 1921, Gegechkori held the post of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic, in 1921, the Minister of Justice.

After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia in 1921, he emigrated to France. Since January 11, 1953, he was the last Chairman of Georgia’s Government in Exile. He died in Paris.