The Young Bukharans was a democratic movement that emerged in the Emirate of Bukhara (a protectorate of the Russian Empire) at the beginning of the 20th century. It was based on Jadidism, a Muslim movement for the renewal of Islamic culture and society (Arabic. “Jadid” – new). In 1916, the party of Young Bukharans was created.

The Young Bukharians welcomed the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, advocating for democratic reforms in Bukhara to establish the freedom of individual and speech, inviolability of property, etc. After October 1917, the Bolsheviks who came to power in Russia recognized the Emirate of Bukhara as a sovereign state. The Young Bukharans were positive about the October coup, seeing in the Bolsheviks a force capable of supporting them in the fight against the Emir of Bukhara, Sayyid Alim Khan. In late 1917 – early 1918, after unsuccessful attempts to persuade the Emir to carry out reforms, the Young Bukharans set a course for preparing an armed uprising. On behalf of the Central Committee of the party, the Young Bukharans leader Fayzulla Khodzhayev appealed to the chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of Soviet Turkestan, Fyodor Kolesov, for help. However, an attempt to revolt against the Emir (the Kolesov's Campaign), undertaken in March 1918, failed. The Emir’s supporters killed about 1.5 thousand Young Bukharans and sympathizers and staged a massacre in which several thousand people of the Russian population of Bukhara died. The surviving members of the party fled to the Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic.